2009 42c Civil Rights Pioneers: Mary Church Terrell and Mary White Ovington
US #4384a from the Civil Rights Pioneers sheet.

Mary Church Terrell was born on September 23, 1863, in Memphis, Tennessee.

Terrell was born to entrepreneurial freed slaves – her father was the first African-American millionaire in the South and her mother was one of the first African-American women to run her own successful hair salon.

2009 42c Civil Rights Pioneers: Mary Church Terrell and Mary White Ovington Fleetwood First Day Cover
US #4384a – Fleetwood First Day Cover

Terrell received her early education at the Antioch College Model School in Ohio because her mother didn’t think the schools in Memphis were good enough.  She then went on to become one of the first African American women to attend Oberlin College, where she majored in Classics.  During her time there, she was voted class poet, joined two literary societies, and worked as an editor of the school paper.  She was then one of the first African American women to earn a bachelor’s degree in 1884, before going on to earn her master’s four years later.

After graduating, Terrell began teaching at Wilberforce College in Ohio.  She then moved to Washington, DC, where she taught Latin at the M. Street School. Terrell also spent two years in Europe studying French, German, and Italian.

1967 25¢ Prominent Americans: Frederick Douglass
US #1290 from the Prominent Americans Series.

Terrell became interested in activism while she was in college, becoming particularly interested in Susan B. Anthony’s work for women’s rights.  She had also met Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington, who were both friends of her father.  Over the course of her career, she worked on several civil rights campaigns with Douglass. And when she considered abandoning activism for a private life, he convinced her that she was too important to the cause.

1980 15¢ Education
US #1833 honored the creation of the US Department of Education.

After a friend’s lynching, Terrell sought President Benjamin Harrison’s public support against racial violence.  Failing that, she adopted the pen name Euphemia Kirk and often wrote about the civil rights of both blacks and women for newspapers around the country.  In 1892, Terrell was elected the first female president of the Bethel Literary and Historical Society in Washington, DC. And in 1896 she became the first president of the National Association of Colored Women, which created nurseries and kindergartens.  That same year she also founded the National Association of College Women.  Terrell’s work ultimately led to her appointment to the District of Columbia Board of Education in 1895, a post she held until 1906. She was the first African American woman in that position.   In 1909, Terrell was one of two African American women to participate in the organizational meeting of the NAACP.

During World War I, Terrell worked with the War Camp Community Service.  As the war ended, she worked with the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage and also attended the International Peace Conference.  She was very active in the women’s suffrage movement, pushing for the passage of the 19thAmendment that gave them the right to vote.

1970 6¢ Woman Suffrage 50th Anniversary
US #1406 was issued for the 50th anniversary of the 19th Amendment.

In 1949, Terrell and some of her colleagues were denied service at a local restaurant.  They quickly filed a lawsuit and over the next three years, Terrell staged boycotts, sit-ins, and demonstrations against other segregated restaurants.  Then in June 1953, the court ruled these segregated restaurants in Washington, DC were unconstitutional.

2009 42¢ Civil Rights Pioneers
US #4384 was issued for the 100th anniversary of the NAACP, of which Terrell was a founding member.

Terrell continued her activism into her 80s, joining in picket lines and speaking out on Civil Rights.  She died on July 24, 1954, in Annapolis, Maryland.  In the years since, her Washington, DC home has been declared a National Historic Landmark and school was named in her honor.

Click here to see what else happened on This Day in History.

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6 Comments

  1. Well done Mystic! You have enlightened many of us about a brave American that until now we had never heard of. Thank you.

  2. Thoroughly enjoyed this read. Now that stamp has meaning to me and I now know who she is. Thanks again for these history lessons!

  • Be nice and remember, we are all here to collect stamps!

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